AMINOPTERIN and HGPRT -- WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHEN WE SAY CELL PROLIFERATION.

 

 AMINOPTERIN and HGPRT -- WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHEN WE SAY CELL PROLIFERATION.

 

WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHEN WE SAY CELL PROLIFERATION.
 
THIS MEANS CELL INCREASE IN NUMBER AND THIS INCREASE IN NUMBERS IS THE RESULT OF CELL DIVISION.

LET'S SAY THIS IS A CELL. 

IT UNDERGOES SINGLE EVENT OF CELL DIVISION, AS
A RESULT. TWO CELLS ARE FORMED. 

 

THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT WHICH HAPPENS DURING THE CELL DIVISION IS DNA REPLICATION.

 

 

THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT WHICH HAPPENS DURING THE CELL DIVISION IS DNA REPLICATION. WITHOUT THIS PROLIFERATION IS IMPOSSIBLE. WE ALL KNOW THAT DNA IS MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES NAMELY ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND THYMINE.

THESE NUCLEOTIDES ARE SYNTHESIZED CELL.

NOW SUPPOSE A CELL IS NOT ABLE TO SYNTHESIZE THESE NUCLEOTIDES, WHAT WILL HAPPEN.

THERE WILL BE NO DNA FORMATION HENCE NO DNA REPLICATION AND THIS WILL BE FATAL FOR THE CELL.

LETS HAVE AN OVERVIEW OF HOW THESE NUCLEOTIDES ARE SYNTHESIZED IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

IN THE MAMMALIAN CELLS THERE ARE TWO MAIN PATHWAYS OF THE NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS, THESE ARE THE NOVO SYNTHESIS

 PATHWAY, AND THE SALVAGE PATHWAY

DE NOVO SYNTHESIS PATHWAY.
"DE NOVO"  MEANS "STARTING FROM THE BEGINNING"
 

IN THIS PATHWAY NUCLEOTIDES FORMATION BEGINS WITH SIMPLE PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS, THROUGH A SERIES OF STEPS.

THIS PATHWAY LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES THAT FINALLY FORMS DNA  

THE INITIAL STEP OF THE NOVO PATHWAY.
TETRAHYDROFOLATE (THF) IS ESSENTIALLY REQUIRED, WITHOUT TETRAHYDROFOLATE THIS PATHWAY CANNOT PROCEED.

TETRAHYDROFOLATE IS MADE FROM DIHYDROFOLATE AND THIS REACTION IS CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME DIHYDROFOLATE
REDUCTASE. IF FORMATION OF TETRAHYDROFOLATE IS BLOCKED SOMEHOW, SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES,
BY THE NOVO PATHWAY WILL AUTOMATICALLY FAIL.

ONE SUCH DRUG THAT INHIBITS FORMATION OF TETRAHYDROFOLATE IS A AMINOPTERIN,
AMINOPTERIN IS A ENZYME INHIBITOR.

IT COMPETES FOR TEH FOLIC BINDING SITE OF THE ENZYME DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE AND THUS BLOCKS
TETRAHYDROFOLATE SYNTHESIS.

OVERAL WE CAN SAY THAT AMINOPTERIN AND BLOCKS THE DE NOVO PATHWAY OF NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS.

 

 

ON THE SALVAGE PATHWAY TERM SALVAGE IS DERIVED FROM LATIN WHICH MEANS "TO SAVE " OR " RETRIEVE" THIS PATHWAY RECYCLES FREE BASIS AND NUCLEOSIDES INSIDE THE CELL FORM NUCLEOTIDES IN  OTHER WORDS THIS PATHWAY RECOVERS, PERFORMED BASS IN FORM NUCLEOTIDES BY RECONNECTING THEM 

 

THE SALVAGE PATHWAY INVOLVES TWO KEY ENZYMES, ABBREVIATED AS "HGPRT" AND THE "TK"

 

 

 "HGPRT" STANDS FOR HYPOXANTHINE GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE.

 

THIS ENZYME CATALYZES THE FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES FROM HYPOS ANTHING AND GUANINE 

SECOND ENZYME "TK" STANDS FOR THYMIDINE KINASE, THIS ENZYME CONVERTS THYMIDINE INTO CORRESPONDING NUCLEOTIDE.

THIS ENZYME CATALYZES THE FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES FROM HYPOS ANTHING AND GUANINE

SECOND ENZYME "TK" STANDS FOR THYMIDINE KINASE, THIS ENZYME CONVERTS THYMIDINE INTO CORRESPONDING NUCLEOTIDE.

IF THERE IS ANY MUTATION IN THE GENES PRODUCING NEITHER OF THESE TWO KEY ENZYMES. SALVAGE PATH WAY WILL BE BLOCKED THIS IS BECAUSE THE MUTATION WILL MAKE THIS ENZYMES  NON-FUNCTIONAL.
 

SO NOW WE UNDERSTAND THAT IF "GHPRT" IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE INFORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES BY  THE SALVAGE PATHWAY
 

 LEOPOLD NIH FOIA Anthony Fauci Emails
https://i-uv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/leopold-nih-foia-anthony-fauci-emails.pdf